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Spelling - historically established uniform spelling system, which is used in writing. Spelling as a writing system in the sound-letter letter is divided into several sections, each of which represents a set of rules based on certain principles. Spelling principles determine the choice of a writing where there orthograms, ie, where there are two or more different spellings. On the basis of these principles produced spelling rules, regulations or generalize.

Central section spelling modern sound-letter writing systems is the section of the designation of sounds (phonemes) letters. Depending on what principle is leading in the designation of the sound structure of words in a given national spelling, say leading principle of this spelling system.

In modern spelling principles apply: morphological, phonetic, traditional, as well as the principle of morphological and graphic analogies.

Morphological principle spelling - it is the principle the same way positional notation alternating phonemes that maintains consistency graphical morpheme. This is achieved by the fact that the letter is not recognized positional vowel and consonant phonemes are in the same morpheme, respectively, strong and weak positions, ie, phonemes are in weak positions, denoted by the same letters and phonemes in strong positions. For example, "oak" - as "oak", "water" - as "water." This way of writing - with regard to Russian writing - also called phonemic or phonemic principle.

Theory and technique of studying spelling of different languages ​​based on scientific orfogramm allocation in a particular national letter carrier in terms of language and in terms of studying this language speakers of other languages. So, in any randomly selected text Russian letters for Russian letters constitute ⅓ orthograms. For non-Russians in the Russian letter will orthograms other. For example, Belarusians and Poles in words like "day", "shadow", where no orfogramm Russian, as well as in words like "run" selected letters are difficult orfogramm, since neither in Belarus or in Polish no phonemes ⟨ t '⟩ and ⟨d'⟩.

The traditional principle of spelling - is a principle in which phonemes are in weak positions, designated one of several letters phonologically possible to refer given phoneme, cf. "Sorrow", "Debut", "language", "rebellion", "gun", "Mirage", "dog", "heel", etc. The choice of letters is not done on the basis of checking a strong position, but on the basis of etymology and traditions . Among the traditional groups have special spellings more conventional, such as "good" (the letter "g", and phoneme ⟨a⟩, «touch - touch", "germ - age", "do", etc.
Some spelling rules based on specific principles. Terms of fused, separate and defisnyh spellings of words and their parts based on lexical and syntactic principle (in distinguishing words and phrases: "lookout" and "backward and forward looking") and lexical-morphological ("YTD" and "first" ). Funds are also derivational grammatical principle applied when writing compound adjectives and nouns: the presence or absence of the suffix in the first part of compound adjectives, and the presence or absence of connecting vowel "o" or "e" in compound nouns determines fused or defisnoe writing: "Automobile and Road "and" road "," carbon-graphite "and" carbon graphite ". In some instances, the traditional writing mainly to write adverbs and adverbial combinations.
In rule-based hyphenation from one line to another in the Russian language is phonetic principle (hyphenation), which is complicated by morphological (accounting morphemic structure of the syllable). Specific fact letters are graphic reduction, the principles of which are also produced for each language.